ANULA: THE SERPENT QUEEN OF SRI LANKA—A Historical Biography

Queen Anula ruled ancient Sri Lanka from 47-42 BCE, becoming the island's first and only Queen Regnant through a remarkable—and ruthless—seizure of power. After King Valagambahu's troubled reign left the monarchy weakened, Anula, a queen consort, systematically poisoned her way through six rulers: two legitimate kings and four commoner puppet consorts whom she elevated to maintain the facade of male sovereignty. For five years, she wielded effective power behind this succession of figureheads before finally claiming direct rule in her own name—an unprecedented violation of gender norms in Buddhist Sri Lankan society. The Mahavamsa chronicle tradition condemned her as a lustful, wicked woman whose brief reign brought disaster, reducing her complex political maneuvering to sexual transgression. Yet critical analysis reveals a sophisticated political operator who navigated extraordinary constraints with genuine capability. She maintained power through strategic violence, careful patronage networks, and astute management of palace politics until Prince Kutakanna Tissa organized military opposition. Captured after four months of direct sovereignty, Anula was burned alive in the palace—a ritualistic execution designed to purify the kingdom of her transgressive female rule. This biography reclaims Anula from centuries of historiographical demonization, recognizing her as a capable leader whose achievements were systematically obscured by patriarchal sources while acknowledging the ethical complexities her violent methods present.