Causal Inference and Machine Learning: In Economics, Social, and Health Sciences

Causal Inference and Machine Learning in Economics, Social, and Health Sciences bridges the gap between modern machine learning methods and the applied needs of economists, public health researchers, and social scientists. Designed with students and practitioners in mind, the book introduces machine learning through the lens of causal inference, offering a rigorous yet accessible roadmap for using data to answer real-world policy questions. It combines econometric and machine learning methods such as penalized regressions, random forests, boosting, double machine learning, and the most up-to-date estimation methods for addressing selection on observables (e.g., matching, AIPW) and unobservables (e.g., instrumental variables, difference-in-differences, synthetic control). Readers learn how to estimate treatment effects, uncover heterogeneity, and work with high-dimensional data, while gaining clarity on assumptions, trade-offs, and limitations. The book also covers advanced and often underrepresented topics such as time series forecasting with machine learning methods, neural networks and deep learning, and core optimization algorithms like gradient descent. Each method is introduced with intuition, formal treatment, and applied examples from economics, health, labor, and development studies. It places special emphasis on transparency, identification, and interpretability. Beyond introducing models, it provides step-by-step guidance from raw data to estimation, showing not just what works, but how and why—both methodologically and computationally. Unlike many texts that rely on pre–built software or assume deep technical knowledge, this book builds from foundational concepts such as estimation, error decomposition, and bias-variance trade-offs, then progresses to advanced machine learning approaches. Simulation-based pedagogy helps readers visualize model behavior under known conditions, enabling researchers and students alike to see how statistical tools perform across diverse empirical settings. A distinctive feature of the book is its focus on when and how to use predictive versus causal models. Rather than treating them as separate tasks, it shows how each can inform the other. Practical insights, diagnostics, and examples guide readers in selecting appropriate tools based on research goals and data characteristics. With its clear style, practical code in R, and integrated approach to prediction and causality, this book is an essential resource for applied researchers, students, and anyone using data to inform policy and decision–making. KEY FEATURES Integrates causal inference with the latest econometric and machine learning methods to address real–world policy questions in economics, health, and the social sciences. Offers clear, detailed explanations and intuitive guidance—even for foundational concepts often overlooked in other sources—to build theoretical understanding and link econometric principles to application. Designed for applied researchers, students, and practitioners with limited technical background, with step-by-step instruction from raw data and basic code, including how both the methods and the underlying code function. Provides practical guidance on when and how to use predictive vs. causal models, highlighting their trade-offs and pitfalls to avoid, supported by real-world examples and simulation-based demonstrations.