Toxicology

Toxicology, the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms, has deep historical roots dating back thousands of years. The earliest civilizations recognized the dangers of certain substances and documented their effects, often intertwining them with myths, medicine, and warfare. The origins of toxicology can be traced to ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, where early scholars and physicians laid the groundwork for what would eventually become a scientific discipline. Ancient Egyptian texts, such as the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1550 BCE), contain some of the earliest references to poisons, including plant-based toxins and venomous animal bites. Egyptian priests and physicians were aware of toxic substances, both as medicinal agents and as potential means of assassination. Similarly, Mesopotamian records describe the use of poisons in both healing practices and criminal activities. In ancient Greece, the philosopher and physician Hippocrates (circa 460–370 BCE) discussed the effects of poisons and the importance of dosage in determining whether a substance was harmful or beneficial. His work influenced later Greek and Roman physicians, including Dioscorides, a first-century CE pharmacologist who compiled De Materia Medica, an extensive guide to medicinal and poisonous substances derived from plants, animals, and minerals. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus (circa 371–287 BCE) also contributed to early toxicology by documenting the properties of various poisonous plants.