Battle of Tours, The

The Umayyad Caliphate emerged as one of the most powerful empires in the early Islamic world, expanding its influence across vast territories from the Middle East to North Africa and into Europe. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the Islamic world underwent a rapid transformation, with the Rashidun Caliphs overseeing the initial expansion. However, it was under the Umayyads, beginning in 661 CE, that the Islamic empire reached unprecedented heights, establishing a vast and organized dominion. Their rule was characterized by military conquests, administrative advancements, and cultural integration, making them a formidable force in the medieval world. One of the most defining aspects of Umayyad expansion was its push into Western Europe. After successfully conquering the Iberian Peninsula in 711 CE, the Muslim forces, primarily composed of Berbers and Arabs, established Al-Andalus under the leadership of governors appointed by the Umayyad Caliphate. The conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom was swift, with key victories such as the Battle of Guadalete opening the doors for further advances northward. By the early 8th century, the Umayyads had consolidated control over much of present-day Spain and Portugal, making their presence in Europe a significant political and military reality. As the Umayyads strengthened their hold over Iberia, their attention turned toward the Frankish territories. The Islamic forces, seeking to expand their influence beyond the Pyrenees, launched several incursions into the southern regions of Gaul. These raids, initially aimed at securing wealth and resources, gradually evolved into more ambitious campaigns of territorial expansion. The city of Narbonne fell under Muslim control in 719 CE, serving as a critical stronghold for future campaigns. From there, the Umayyads pushed further into Aquitaine, where they encountered resistance from the local Christian rulers, most notably Duke Odo of Aquitaine.