Black Holes

This book consists of two titles, which are the following: Galaxies - Galaxies are dynamic entities, constantly evolving through processes like mergers, collisions, and interactions with neighboring galaxies. When galaxies merge, their stars, gas, and dust can undergo dramatic transformations, leading to the formation of new stars and restructuring of the galaxy's shape. These interactions can trigger intense bursts of star formation and feed supermassive black holes at the galaxies' centers, leading to the emission of powerful jets of radiation. Supermassive Black Hole - Black holes form through various processes that involve the collapse of massive astronomical objects and the merging of smaller black holes. One primary method is the stellar collapse. Stars, during their lifecycle, fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores. When the hydrogen is depleted, they begin fusing heavier elements until iron is produced. For stars more than 20 times the mass of the Sun, the end of this fusion process leads to a supernova explosion. The core of the star collapses rapidly due to gravity, and if the core's mass is sufficiently large (typically more than about three times the mass of the Sun), it will continue collapsing into a singularity, forming a stellar-mass black hole.