Sociology of Crime, The

Crime is not merely a legal category but a social construct shaped by historical, cultural, and political forces. What is considered criminal behavior varies across societies and time periods, reflecting changing moral values, power structures, and social interests. Understanding crime as a social construct allows us to analyze how laws are created, enforced, and challenged within different social contexts. One of the key aspects of the social construction of crime is that laws are not neutral or universal. Instead, they are established by those in positions of power who determine what behaviors should be criminalized. For example, certain acts such as drug use, gambling, or even political protests have been criminalized in some societies while being tolerated or even encouraged in others. The legal system often reflects the interests of dominant groups, leading to selective enforcement of laws. Historically, vagrancy laws targeted the poor, while modern drug laws have disproportionately affected marginalized communities. Crime is also shaped by cultural perceptions and media representations. The way crime is reported in the news and depicted in television shows or films influences public perceptions of who is considered criminal. For instance, street crime is often sensationalized, while corporate or white-collar crimes receive comparatively little attention, despite their significant social and economic impact. This selective framing reinforces stereotypes and can lead to policies that prioritize punishment for certain groups while overlooking more systemic forms of harm.