Urban Food Security in a Crisis Prone World: The Urban, Water, and Food Nexus

The world will likely exceed 9 billion people by 2050 and is unlikely to stabilize in the 21st century, requiring 70–100% more food production, while an increasing number of countries are reaching alarming levels of water scarcity. Water for irrigation and food production constitutes one of the greatest pressures on freshwater resources. Agriculture accounts for around 70% of global freshwater withdrawals (up to 90% in some fast-growing economies), impacting environmental flows, downstream access to water, groundwater levels, and reducing the extent and functions of wetlands including the ecological functions of biodiversity, nutrient retention, and flood control. Agriculture is also one of the largest contributors to non-point source pollution. Rapid population growth combined with changing diets due to increased income levels will likely result in an 70% increase in food demand by 2050. Urbanization will also concentrate the portions of populations needing meat, dairy products, and processed food. The corona pandemic has ravaged economies, lives, livelihoods, availability, affordability, and access to food the world over. Its negative consequences will likely escalate and spread widely. Invigorating urban food systems is seen as a feasible and necessary strategy to mitigate the many negative consequences of the pandemic by strengthening community resilience buttressed by environmentally friendly programs. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC, Government of Canada) and The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) bring together a distinguished group of authors to analyse and prescribe policies and measures that can effectively meet and sustain the sustainable development goals not only in the area of food security, but also in several areas within the nexus of food, energy, green economy and health. The book provides a synthesis of perspectives, knowledge, and insights within the urban-food-water nexus. Each chapter guides reads through the complex nexus landscape citing a wide body of recent, relevant literature sources (print and open access, online) for readers. Literature sources include peer-reviewed journal publications, books, as well as governmental and UN reports.