Cultural Revolution, The

The Cultural Revolution, which lasted from 1966 to 1976, was a decade of intense political and social upheaval in China. It was initiated by Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, as a means to reassert his ideological dominance and eliminate perceived threats within the party and society. The roots of the Cultural Revolution can be traced back to the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward, growing political divisions, and Mao’s desire to reshape China’s ideological landscape. One of the key factors that led to the Cultural Revolution was Mao’s declining influence following the disastrous Great Leap Forward (1958–1962). This economic and social campaign, aimed at transforming China into a communist utopia through rapid industrialization and collectivization, resulted in widespread famine and the deaths of millions. The failures of the Great Leap Forward weakened Mao’s credibility, and he was forced to step back from day-to-day governance, allowing more pragmatic leaders such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping to implement economic reforms. These leaders promoted policies that prioritized economic stability over radical communist ideology, which Mao saw as a betrayal of the revolution’s goals. In response to his diminished authority, Mao sought to reassert control by launching an ideological campaign against those he deemed “capitalist roaders” within the party. By the early 1960s, internal power struggles intensified as Mao and his radical supporters, including Lin Biao and Jiang Qing, clashed with moderate leaders advocating for a more pragmatic approach to governance. Mao viewed the growing influence of his rivals as a direct threat to his vision for China. To counter their policies, he began promoting the idea of a new revolutionary movement that would purify Chinese society and eliminate counterrevolutionary elements.